Appendix: Fundamental Physical Constants

Name and SymbolValue
Standard acceleration due to gravity (g) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 9.806 65 m/s2
Atomic mass unit (amu) 1.660 5391 × 10−27 kg
Avogadro’s number $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol−1
Boltzmann’s constant (kB) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 1.380 649 × 10−23 J K−1
Fundamental unit of charge (e) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 C
Electron rest mass (me) 9.109 383 7015 × 10−31 kg
Charge-to-mass ratio for electron (e/me) 1.758 820 0109 × 1011 C kg−1
Faraday’s constant (F) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 9.648 533 212 331 001 84 × 104 C mol−1
gas constant (R) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 8.314 462 618 153 24 J mol−1 K−1
0.082 057 84 L atm mol−1 K−1
0.083 146 26 L bar mol−1 K−1
Neutron rest mass (mn) 1.674 927 498 × 10−27 kg
Planck’s constant (h) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 6.626 070 15 × 10−34 J s
Proton rest mass (mp) 1.672 621 923 × 10−27 kg
Rydberg constant (R) 1.097 373 156 8160 × 107 m-1
Rydberg unit of energy (Ry = hcR) 2.179 872 361 1035 × 10−18 J
Speed of light (in vacuum) (c) $\mathbf{\equiv}$ 2.997 924 58 × 108 m s−1
Note: The symbol $\mathbf{\equiv}$ means “is defined as“. These definitions are exact (can be considered as infinite significant figures). All other values are measured.
Values from NIST Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) Recommended Values: 2018