Chemical Nomenclature of Inorganic Molecular Compounds

The rules for organic compounds, in which carbon is the principle element, will be treated in a later chapter on organic chemistry.

Molecular (Covalent) Compounds

The bonding characteristics of inorganic molecular compounds are different from ionic compounds, and they are named using a different system as well. The charges of cations and anions dictate their ratios in ionic compounds, so specifying the names of the ions provides sufficient information to determine chemical formulas. However, because covalent bonding allows for significant variation in the combination ratios of the atoms in a molecule, the names for molecular compounds must explicitly identify these ratios.

Compounds Composed of Two Elements

When two nonmetallic elements form a molecular compound, several combination ratios are often possible. For example, carbon and oxygen can form the compounds CO and CO₂. Since these are different substances with different properties, they cannot both have the same name (they cannot both be called carbon oxide). To deal with this situation, we use a naming method that is somewhat similar to that used for ionic compounds, but with added prefixes to specify the numbers of atoms of each element. The name of the more metallic element (the one farther to the left and/or bottom of the periodic table) is first, followed by the name of the more nonmetallic element (the one farther to the right and/or top) with its ending changed to the suffix –ide. The numbers of atoms of each element are designated by the Greek prefixes (the same prefixes used for naming hydrated compounds, repeated here)

Number	Prefix	Number	Prefix
1 (sometimes omitted)	mono-	6	hexa-
2	di-	7	hepta-
3	tri-	8	octa-
4	tetra-	9	nona-
5	penta-	10	deca-

When only one atom of the first element is present, the prefix mono– is usually deleted from that part. Thus, CO is named carbon monoxide, and CO₂ is called carbon dioxide. When two vowels are adjacent, the a in the Greek prefix is usually dropped. Some other examples are shown in the table below:

Compound	Name	Compound	Name
SO2	sulfur dioxide	BCl3	boron trichloride
SO3	sulfur trioxide	SF6	sulfur hexafluoride
NO2	nitrogen dioxide	PF5	phosphorus pentafluoride
N2O4	dinitrogen tetroxide	P4O10	tetraphosphorus decaoxide
N2O5	dinitrogen pentoxide	IF7	iodine heptafluoride

There are a few common names that you will encounter as you continue your study of chemistry. For example, although NO is often called nitric oxide, its proper name is nitrogen monoxide. Similarly, N₂O is known as nitrous oxide even though our rules would specify the name dinitrogen monoxide. (And H₂O is usually called water, not dihydrogen monoxide.) You should commit to memory the common names of compounds as you encounter them.